Infant Toddler Observation - 1282 Words

Within this paper 6 scholarly research articles focusing on infant and/or toddler development will be discussed. These articles will cover physical, cognitive, and social or psychosocial development. A 30 minute observation of a 1month old (Willow) and a 13month old (Emmett) will be conversed, with particular focus on physical development including body shape and motor skills, cognitive development, and social development. The information obtained in the observations will be compared to the information obtained from the scholarly articles. The first article explains how music plays a big role in social, physical, thinking and language development. Music quite often provides opportunities to practice patterns, math concepts and thinking†¦show more content†¦A number of individuals feel they obligate a natural sense of child-rearing with â€Å"instinctive† impulses in reaction to child actions. Some feel they knowingly or automatically modified child-rearing styles and methods from their individual mothers and fathers or other caregivers Observation: Willow 4 weeks old Willow smiles a lot for a baby of 4 weeks. She lifts her head when lying on her tummy, reacts to sound and gazes at faces. While her vision is not so well she will track things temporarily with her eyes voices oohs and coos. Willow will suck her thumb and or fist, when removed she will whimper and fuss. She will cry to let her Mom know that she is hungry, wet, dirty or uncomfortable. Willow does not move much, mostly involuntary movement. She has not started to explore her surrounds at this point in her development. Willow is learning trust through her parent’s consistent and patient response to her cries. She is quietly alert. Willow can display distress and being content. Willow will respond to her mother’s voice. When her mother’s voice is heard she begins to move her eyes around and respond with little kicks and flailing of her tiny arms. Willow is becoming more sensitive to her surroundings. Her vision and hearing is improving she is noticing more of what s going on around her. Willows interaction with people, really has no effect on her. She can be passed from person to person with no change in temperament. Emmett is a very active 13Show MoreRelatedObservation: Infant and Toddler Development1568 Words   |  7 PagesObservation: Infant and Toddler Development There are various factors that play a role in a child’s development. Based on several articles I will be discussing the physical, cognitive, and social development of infants and toddlers. The level of exposure to these various factors will determine how successful they develop in years to come. All children develop at their own rate and no two children are the same. The development of the child is based solely on child’s caregiver to provide these essentialRead MoreUniversal Needs Of Infants And Toddlers1651 Words   |  7 Pages Three universal needs of infants and toddlers Infancy is an important stage of life. At this stage, babies and toddlers will have universal developments or needs which can connect physical, cognitive, language, social, emotional domain of development. I would like to discuss three universal needs, which are important for the infant / toddler learning and development foundations. There are exploring the world, learning from observation, Infancy is one of the periods which has most exploring spiritRead MoreUsing Video Based Techniques For Children Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesINVESTIGATING THE â€Å"WHAT, HOWS AND WHYS† OF RELATIONAL PEDAGOGY WITH INFANTS AND TODDLERS Summary: According to the study, Researchers from TLRI and teachers came together to find solution to the key issue of understanding and articulating the â€Å"what, hows and whys† of infants and toddlers to support learning. Two hour video footage and learning stories compiled by teacher for three or four children per centre across five infants and toddler care centre from Auckland and Wellington were used as practiceRead MoreTransitioning For Children Transition Into Childcare Care1505 Words   |  7 Pages Transitioning to Strangeness Adults and infants/toddlers are very similar in the respect that we obtain great satisfaction and are tranquil to familiar people, places and environments, as we can slightly know what to expect. In terms of new situations, environments and people we become unsure, no sense of belonging maybe even anxious. In regards to children transition into childcare care, or from one room to another within the centre, there is always an element of unfamiliarity yet curiosity. ThisRead MoreHow Do Infants And Toddlers Develop Their Cognitive Abilities?1372 Words   |  6 PagesHow do infants and toddlers develop their cognitive abilities? Essentially, the formative years of research on the aspect of cognitive growth in infants made certain assumptions, for instance, an infant growth was significantly simplified. However, modern research indicates that there is a complex pattern of cognitive development in infants. To answer the question, it is imperative to start by understanding what the cognitive aspect of the development of infants is. Ideally, infants and toddlersRead MoreErikson s Stages Of Development And Child Directed Speech862 Words   |  4 Pagespsychologist and psychoanalyst, from birth to 1 year of age, children psychosocially go through the stage of Trust vs. Mistrust. At this stage infants either trust they will be taken care of in their basic needs such as physical contact, cleanliness, nourishment, and warmth or â€Å"develop mistrust about the care of others† (Berger, pg. 24, 2014). In observation one (infant), it was clear that the child trusted his parents, however, it was especially displa yed with his mother. The child’s biggest display ofRead Morecompetency statement 3780 Words   |  4 PagesPennsylvania Department of Education Bureau of Career Technical Education CDA-Ready Certificate Documentation Infant/Toddler (Developed from The Child Development Associate: Assessment System and Competency Standards Infant/Toddler Caregivers in Center-based Programs, Second Edition,  ©2006, www.cdacouncil.org ). Student Name: _______________________________________________________________ School: Instructor: ___________________________________________________________ Instructor ContactRead MoreMindful and Reflective Practice Essay1120 Words   |  5 Pageshelped me to learn ways to promote healthy development and well-being of all children and how to be an advocate for them. I believe this class enriched my knowledge about infant-toddler care and education to the point that I would most like to express to others its importance. One thing that I would like to share is that infant–toddler care and education is crucial for physical and cognitive development. The caregiver/parent interaction is necessary for the children to keep alive the desire for communicationRead MoreThe Effects Of Language On The Development Of A Child1261 Words   |  6 Pagesand/or guardians of infants and toddlers with Down’s syndrome believe that their child will one day be able to verbally communicate with them. They presume the possibility, but does research support their beliefs? For the purpose of this paper, the child from infancy through three-years o ld will be discussed in regards to the developmental domain that are affected by Down’s syndrome. The undeniable assumption is if an institution provides early intervention for an infant or toddler with Down’s syndromeRead MoreEssay On Childcare1323 Words   |  6 Pages(EHS-CC) partnership program located in the Vermillion area. A very recent program started on January 1, 2017 that runs all year round and serves infants and toddlers starting from just six weeks old to two years old. There is currently a waiting list for children to be enrolled in the program, but are currently servicing eight toddlers and six infants. The Vermillion EHS-CC is open four to five days a week from 9:00-3:30 each day. The program also provides wrap around childcare from 8:00-9:00 and

Female Discrimination In The Labor Force Essay - 1286 Words

Female Discrimination in the Labor Force nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the past decades there has been a dramatic increase in the number of women participating in the labor force. This expansion has unfortunately shown how women are still being treated as inferior citizens when comparing their wages and the jobs they are hired for to that of men. Many women in similar occupations as men, and having the same qualifications are only paid a fraction of what their male counterparts are paid. The only reasonable explanation that can be found for this income gap is discrimination. This unfair treatment shown throughout the handouts illustrate how far people still have to go before equal treatment becomes standard.†¦show more content†¦Those women made a weekly salary of 570 dollars while those men made 833 dollars. This is also true in many other occupations such as sales and technical operations (6). Some would say that this is the case because men are better qualified and more competent in their jobs. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Since the year 1981, women have graduated from college in greater numbers than men. Women had 465, 000 graduates while men had 470, 000 in 1980. This gap would be closed and eclipsed by women in 1981. That year 480, 000 women earned a bachelors degree while men only had 473, 000 (4). The gap in the number of college graduates is increasing in favor of women. So, it would seem that there are more highly qualified women out there than there are men. Then why is it that men are still being paid more? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Discrimination seems the only viable answer to the earnings gap. When one looks at the mean income of year-round workers in 1994, men with only some college experience still made more than women with a bachelors degree. This gap increases as the level of educational accomplishment rises. Men with a masters degree made an average yearly salary of 62, 368 dollars while women with the same degree made only 43, 601 dollars (5). These numbers seem to greatly support the discrimination case. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When women first entered the labor force they wereShow MoreRelatedLack Of Gender Discrimination On The Workplace1203 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough regulations for unbiased treatment have been implemented in the labor force environment, there is still room for improvement. There are numerous individuals who regard gender inequality in the workplace as a myth; however, many companies display an immense resistance to enforce laws that will protect their female employees from unfair and unlawful discrimination. These prejudice actions made against women are based on gendered stereotypes that ultimately place women at a disadvantage. TheseRead MoreReflections on the Gender Wage Gap Essay1123 Words   |  5 PagesThe gender wage gap is a complicated issue that has persisted despite the Equal Pay Act of 1963 that promised equal pay for equal work. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, in 2010, women on average earned 81 cents for every dollar men earn ed, creating concern among scholars, policy makers, and the press, and lingering questions as to cause (2011). While the wage gap has narrowed considerably in the nearly 50 years since the passage of the Equal Pay Act of 1963, many contend that theRead MoreEmployment and Staffing Labor Force Demographics Essays651 Words   |  3 PagesRunning Head: LABOR FORCE DEMOGRAPHICS Professional Development Activity: Understanding Labor Force Demographics FirstName LastName University Name Class Name Date Unit One: Labor Force Demographics Labor force demographics and future projections play a significant role in the way human resource (HR) professionals and firms guide their recruiting and hiring efforts. Projections by the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2010) indicate the racial/ethnic workforce will continueRead MoreConfucian Beliefs And Its Impact On Society939 Words   |  4 Pages With a higher investment into human capital, specifically higher education, an attempt to increase income levels and overall lifestyle is observed. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term â€Å"Human Capital† refers to â€Å"the skills the labor force possesses and is regarded as a resource or asset.† Essentially, it identifies that there are investments made in people and these investments can positively affect an individual’s production. Generally, higher education is linked with higher wagesRead MoreEssay about Women in the Work Force- 1960s1390 Words   |  6 PagesWomen in the Work Force- 1960s The 1960s were a time of social and political identification for American women. Despite the victory of voting rights, women still experienced discrimination in daily life. With the current millenium drawing to a close, women today still express concern of unequal treatment. It is important to glance backwards in history and remember the struggles that our mothers and grandmothers experienced. Thanks to the women of the past, women of the present are able to participateRead MoreSex Discrimination in the American Workplace Still Stands848 Words   |  3 Pagesbeen dramatic increase of gender equality since the Suffrage Movement back in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s, there still seems to be a sense of discrimination against women when it comes to the corporate world. Although women’s overall presence in the work force has seen a boost in numbers in America, men today still get paid more than their female counterparts. To begin with, differences in the pay of workers between both genders seems to be an ongoing issue ever since the time women joinedRead MoreThe Glass Ceiling: A Human Capitalist Perspective Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagesthe glass ceiling phenomenon and apply a human-capitalistic theorist perspective to the issues. Women are underrepresented in managerial (Adler 451) and executive level positions within organizations in the United States even today. Although females embody almost fifty percent of the workforce (Adler 451, they occupy only about thirty percent of all salaried positions, twenty percent of middle manager positions, and about five percent of executive level positions (Bell 65). At the current rateRead MoreThe Gender Pay Gap1639 Words   |  7 Pagesone(Centre Piece Summer 2006). The gender pay gap measures the earning differences between women and men in paid employment in the labor market. It is one of many indicators of gender inequality in a country, when examining labor market participation in terms of gender (EC 2007). The study â€Å"Global Employment Trends for Women† published by the International Labor Organization (ILO) in 2009 provides current information about the global gender pay gap. Assumptions about a decline or increase in theRead MoreThe Equality Between Women And Men1732 Words   |  7 Pagesexample, the job about construction, such as electricians, installation, repair, maintenance, and auto service are most likely taken by men. To be more details in number, we could use equation percentage female employed = number of female workers/ total number of workers to calculate the percentage of female employed in one job category, and use equation percentage male employed = number of males workers/ total number of workers to calculate the percentage of male employed in one job category. From theRead MoreInstitutional Discrimination : Discrimination And Discrimination881 Words   |  4 PagesInstitutional discrimination, or discrimination that encompasses the procedures of entire i nstitutions, such by means of lodging, medicinal treatment, law enforcement, occupation, and schooling. This form of discrimination doesn’t simply have emotional impact on a small number of segregated individuals of color. As a replacement, it has an emotional impact on enormous amount of people basically for the reason that of their race or ethnicity. Every so often institutional discrimination is as well as

Compare and Contrast Theories Paper - 2924 Words

Compare and Contrast Theories Paper Ashlie Wilson EDUC 624 May 24, 2015 Abraham Maslow suggested that for students to have energy for learning, their basic personal needs must be met.(Jones, V., Jones L. 2013) Maslow described human needs as ordered in a prepotent hierarchy (McLeod, S. 2007).The hierarchy of human needs model was shown that basic human needs started at the lower level, general needs, and proceeded upward to more complex needs, and can only be fulfilled one level at a time. His hierarchy of needs, which includes several different components on each has been divided in a variety of ways. The bottom of the pyramid of the human needs hierarchy is basic needs or physiological needs.†¦show more content†¦When the chid believes that others have deliberately tired to hurt them and attempts to get even begin. This can be shown physically or psychologically. They might hit or kick others or simply destroy their property of that of the teachers. A revenge-seeking child is very difficult to help. Teachers must realize that they hurt others because he feels hurt (Walker, R), however what the child really needs is to feel loved and cared for. If we as teachers allow students to fall through the cracks and miss the signs that Dreikurs goals talked about they will fall into the helplessness or inadequacy stage. The student at this level has given up on the possibility of being part of a group or needed member of the classroom. They want to be alone and refuse to try anything asked especially that of educational meaning. Dreikurs did not believe in the use of punishment, reinforcement or praise (Gurcan, T., Tekin, E). Encouragement was the most meaningful use for preventing problems with students in the classroom. His thought process was that encouragement meant more because it corresponded and related to a child’s goals. Encouragement focuses on the effort from the child rather then the achievement. It gives positive feedback to children who are trying their best but at times might be unsuccessful (Walker, R). I t will be the forms of encouragement that keep the students to keep going. Praise being very different from encouragement in that itShow MoreRelatedCompare And Contrastusing Apa Style. Nori Mosqueda Rivera.1010 Words   |  5 PagesCompare and Contrast Using APA Style Nori Mosqueda Rivera Northcentral University The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast two famous educators using APA Style. This paper will talk about theories of Piaget and Vygotsky in which similarities and differences in their theories will be discussed. At the end of this paper, you will be able to understand the differences and the and similarities between both famous educators. If we take a brief look and compare Piaget s TheoryRead MoreIn this compare and contrast paper I will highlight the differences and commonalities1167 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Compare and Contrast Paper Jeremiah Barwick Liberty CCOU 201 In this compare and contrast paper I will highlight the differences and commonalities between Larry Crabb’s biblical model of counseling, theories, and techniques of Rodgerian theory called Rodgers’ Client-Centered Therapy (RCCT), Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). All of these theories are a form of psychotherapy. Couselors today use techniques such as pharmacologicalRead MoreCare Theory Compare Contrast1602 Words   |  7 PagesCare Theory Compare and Contrast Paper Pamela Morales HCS 350 July 11, 2011 Care Theory Compare and Contrast Paper Jean Watson’s Theory of human caring is based on transpersonal relationships and developing a caring environment that offers the development potential while allowing the person to choose the best course of action. Through interactions with others we learn how to recognize ourselves in others. Watson believes that through these interactions humanity is preserved. John Paley’s articleRead MoreSdffdgdfgfdg1230 Words   |  5 Pages|Exams (2) |2@ 100 points each=200 points | |Written Research Assignments (3) |1 paper @ 50 points | |Assignments (8) |8 assignments @10 points=80 points | | Read MoreAchieve a Level Four Performance in an Oral Exam Through the Formal Speech/the Oral Essay1002 Words   |  5 Pagesthe power of comparison and contrast. In this comparative-analysis essay, you need to describe, explore, and explain how different events, characters, or ideas in two literary texts are connected or related. You need to draw them together to show how they are similar and/or different. While â€Å"comparing† is widely accepted as including both similarities and differences, â€Å"contrasting,† however, means concentrating only on differences. To write a good compare-and-contrast essay, you must take yourRead MoreThe Writer’s Profile1390 Words   |  6 PagesIn the field of criminal justice, writing is one of the most common tasks that one will complete. Every class that I have taken in preparation for the field has required for me to complete several papers. Each paper has formed and adjusted the way in which I write an essay. Every college paper that I have written has created a distinct trait and ritual. Over time it has corrected my composing practices. This essay reveals my process in which I write and evaluates my current writing self. I enteredRead MorePersonality Assessment907 Words   |  4 Pages450-word paper in which you compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of your selected personality assessment instruments.    ï‚ ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Examine the following items for each instrument:    o  Ã‚  Ã‚   Validity o  Ã‚  Ã‚   Comprehensiveness o  Ã‚  Ã‚   Applicability o  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cultural utility    ï‚ ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cite at least two references in your paper to support your assessment. Abstract The purpose of this paper is to examine a synopsis of three different common personality assessment tests. The paper discussesRead MoreThe Purpose Of This Paper Is To Compare And Contrast Two714 Words   |  3 Pagespurpose of this paper is to compare and contrast two famous educators using APA Style. This paper will talk about theories of Piaget and Vygotsky in which similarities and differences in their theories will be discussed. At the end of this paper, you will be able to understand the differences between both famous educators. 1. If we take a brief look and compare Piaget s Theory with Vygotsky Theory we will see that Piaget Theory was a Constructivist Theory, while Vygotsky Theory was a SocioculturalRead MoreBmgt 364 Assignment 1 Organizational Theory1234 Words   |  5 PagesBMGT 364 Assignment 1 Organizational Theory Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwaid.com/shop/bmgt-364-assignment-1-organizational-theory/ Purpose: In the first assignment, students are given a scenario in which the shipping manager who has worked for Recycled Furnishings since the inception of the company is getting ready to retire. The scenario serves to set the stage for students to demonstrate how management theories have changed over time. For example, managing 30 years ago is differentRead MoreEssay on Compare and Contrast Erik Erikson Sigmund Freud909 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and Contrast Erik Erikson Sigmund Freud This research paper will compare and contrast two of the most influencial psychologists who helped shape the way we understand the development of the human mind; Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson. The paper will focus on the similarities and differences between Freud’s Psycho-sexual theory, and Erikson’s psychosocial theory. Freud was one of the very first influencial psychologists who changed the way we study humans. Erikson recognized Freud’s

Preservation of Innocence In The Catcher in the Rye Essay

Themes in literary works are central, recurring ideas or messages that allow us to understand more deeply about the characters. It is a perception about life or human nature that is often shared with the reader. In The Catcher in the Rye, there are several themes that can be found in the words and actions of the narrator, Holden Caulfield. The dominating theme in this novel is the preservation of innocence, especially of children. We can see this throughout the novel, as Holden strives to preserve innocence in himself and others. In The Catcher in the Rye, Holden’s outlook in life is either the innocence of childhood or the cruelty of adulthood. He believes that the innocence of childhood is very valuable and it should be protected from†¦show more content†¦Holden is talking about protecting the children so they will not experience the cruelty of the adult world. If he catches the children before they fall, he will preserve their innocence and keep them from the cruelties of the adult world. Holden’s only desire and goal in life is to be the catcher in the rye because is the only job that is appealing to him where he can shows his love and protection for childhood innocence, â€Å"That’s all I’d do all day. I‘d just be the catcher in the rye and all. I know it’s crazy, but that’s the only thing I’d really like to be† (173). Holden does not want adolescents to become adults because he believes that adults are corrupt and he wants to protect them from this corruptness. This is seen when Holden tries to erase the swearing words on the walls of an elementary school that Phoebe attends. Holden angrily tells us, â€Å"†¦ I saw something that drove me crazy. Somebodyd written Fuck you on the wall... I thought how Phoebe and all the other little kids would see it, and how they’d wonder what the hell it meant†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (201). Holden was angered because this proves that the innocent world of children has already been corrupted by the profanities of the adult world. In addition, profanity in such places like an elementary school distresses him because he associates it with Phoebe, little kids, and innocence. Thus, their innocence is tainted by these profanity words on the walls. He does not feel comfortable allowing small children to beShow MoreRelatedThe Innocence of Childhood in The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger1262 Words   |  6 PagesThe novel â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye† by J.D. Salinger fo llows the endeavours of Holden Caulfield, a sixteen-year-old teenage boy who faces a point in his life where he must make the transition from childhood to adulthood. In an attempt to retain his own childhood, he begins hoping to stop other young children from growing up and losing their innocence as well. As indicated by the title, â€Å"The Catcher in the Rye† is a book that explores a theme involving the preservation of innocence, especially of childrenRead MoreIs Salingers The Catcher in the Rye a Trigger for Murder?767 Words   |  3 Pagestheir motives linked to the Catcher in the Rye, ever since it was published, in 1951 by Jerome David Salinger. Many schools have since banned the book due to the inappropriate language, and the volger behavior that is pushed throughout the book. These schools have also stopped reading The Catcher in the Rye because of the fact that it has been the trigger of many attempted murders and assassinations, turning innocent people into cold b looded killers. The Catcher in the Rye is a book which deeply sidedRead MoreThe Themes of The Catcher in the Rye840 Words   |  3 PagesConsidered one of the best novels of the 20th century, The Catcher in the Rye has affected readers around the globe since its publication in 1951. Its contemporary critics, however, gave the novel mixed reviews. Compared to the ideals of 1950s America, Holden Caulfield, the emotionally immature, extremely judgmental, teen-aged main character of â€Å"Catcher,† embodies the antithesis. Holden was an affront to the new social order, which demanded conformity and propagated the â€Å"father knows best† mentalityRead MoreCatcher in the Rye1601 Words   |  7 PagesInnocence, Compassion, and some ‘Crazy Cliff A novel, which has gained literary recognition worldwide, scrutiny to the point of censorship and has established a following among adolescents, The Catcher in the Rye is in its entirety a unique connotation of the preservation of innocence and the pursuit of compassion. With certain elegance the writer J.D. Salinger, substantiates the growth and perils, which lie between childhood and adulthood. Embellishing the differentiation between innocence andRead MoreHolden Caulfield s The Catcher Of The Rye1928 Words   |  8 PagesIn The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, Holden Caulfield’s story is seemingly aimless and without any sense of direction. However, Salinger brings the novel into focus in the final chapters by introducing the idea of being the â€Å"Catcher in the Rye† from the poem by Robert Burns. Salinger chose the name â€Å"Catcher in the Rye† for the title of his novel, but why? The answer is that Salinger wanted to emphasize the connection between Holden, the main character, and the cryptic â€Å"Catcher.† Holden confessesRead MoreAn Analysis Of Holden Caulfield s The Catcher s The Rye 1941 Words   |  8 Pagesdevelopment. The transition between childhood innoc ence and the brutality of adulthood is long and confusing, often resulting in a loss of self identity. Children tend to look towards the future with great anticipation; whereas many adults tend to constantly reminisce about their childhoods. As a child, the thought is that growing up cannot come soon enough; one cannot appreciate the blissful innocence of childhood until it has passed. The novel, The Catcher in the Rye, explores the complex and often incomprehensibleRead MoreCatcher In the Rye vs. Grapes of Wrath Essay1787 Words   |  8 Pagesshared disdain for such corruption is analyzed in The Catcher in the Rye and The Grapes of Wrath. Both authors address the corruption; however they do so from different perspectives they come to differing resolutions. Both protagonists in their novels experience isolation as a result of society’s corruption; however, Salinger’s chooses to isolate himself whereas Steinbeck’s experiences isolation inadvertently. J.D. Saling er’s The Catcher in the Rye and John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath share a socialRead MoreCatcher in the Rye: the Quest for Love2431 Words   |  10 PagesCatcher In the Rye: The Quest For Love In many novels in J.D. Salingers library of books, there is a recurring theme of the loss of innocence of children, the falling and the confusions of childhood, and many other ideas that apply to the ideas of adolescence and the life of the average teenager growing up. Many of his themes occur in a short period of time in a childs life that affects him/her in a very profound and significannot way. The idea of love is also a major theme that arisesRead MoreCharacter Portrayal Of John Caulfield s The Big Day 1911 Words   |  8 PagesStill another feature of youth subculture of the time is a lack of aim and destination in terms of what youngsters do and believe. Deep in their hearts they wish to find and possess an alternative space that belongs to them. Salinger in The Catcher in the Rye captures this feature with subtlety. Throughout the novel, Holden wanders from place to place, revealing his inner mindset of his wish to ‘find a place of his own’ and extricate himself from mainstream society with which he feels uncomfortableRead More Mythology and Archetypes in Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird2536 Words   |  11 Pagesmethod of criticism inspects: universality in character, symbol, and plot.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Universal characters in To Kill a Mockingbird are present, and well documented. For example, Jem and Scout embody the ideals of youth and the naivety of innocence, while Tom Robinson with his withered arm symbolizes the crippled powerlessness of the black community.      Ã‚  Ã‚   The scene where Tom is revealed to be physically handicapped is particularly strong:       Tom Robinsons powerful shoulders

Nike Internal Factors Free Essays

Nike Corporation today is the largest sports apparel and footwear brand in the world. Thousands of people wear Nike gear not only to the playing field but also so social gathering and other casual events. Nike is one of the pioneers to take sportswear from the playing field to public domain. We will write a custom essay sample on Nike Internal Factors or any similar topic only for you Order Now It not only made wearing sports wear popular and turned it into fashion wear but also simultaneously captured the serious performance wear market. The growth of the company over the years has been attributed to its brand building efforts and creative marketing. When it first enter into the industry the market was dominated with German products and others products even those made in America were considered inferior to the products from the European giants like Adidas and Puma. To overcome this they collaborated with Japanese partners who can provide similar quality at cheaper prices. After nearly eight years of selling through importing, Blue Ribbon Sports the company that evolved into Nike was formed. The name ‘NIKE’ was taken from Greek goddess of victory and Swoosh was adopted as brand logo. (Nike, 2007) Strengths of Nike Nike Business Model The Nike business model has little changed over the last four decades. The company was founded with the belief that it can provide customers products at competitive prices by getting them manufactured in Japan and selling them over in United States. Over the years the destinations have changed but the philosophy remained intact. As the income level in Japan increased it shifted it manufacturing units in Taiwan and Korea. After the boom in Korean and Taiwanese economy it shifted its base in other emerging economies like Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam and China to leverage the cost of production difference. This has resulted in reducing the costs significantly and the company is enabled to deliver maximum value to its customers. Strong Marketing Abilities All this time Nike managed the product design, marketing, sales and distribution system which made it one of the first company in the world to focus on the core competitive advantage and outsource the rest. Strong Supply Chain Management This strategy not only enabled Nike to focus on its strengths of marketing and designing but also able to leverage the specialization of the vendors supplying the goods. For example Shoes were manufactured cost effectively in Taiwan and Japan while clothing is manufactured in labor inexpensive countries like Indonesia, Vietnam and Thailand. Recently with increasing operations and established brand the company has changed focused on streamlining operations, efficient demand forecasting and supply chain management. Celebrity Advertising with Cutting Edge Products On the marketing front the company spend big amount on building the brand since the mid eighties. The success of Nike advertising can be attributed to its repeated success of picking up the next superstar in world or sports like Michael Jordan, Tiger Woods in past or Sharapova and Michelle Wie at present. Efficient Retail Management and Brand Management Starting from the running shoes, today the company has turned into a lifestyle brand. Today it not only sells shoes and sports gear but casual clothing, bags, fashion accessories etc (Holmes, 2004). The number of stock keeping Units (SKU) becomes large if one considers that these accessories and gears are developed according to various sports following like cycling, aquatic, skateboarding, outdoor activities, football, baseball, soccer, golf and tennis. Merchandise Mix To enter into various price points with diluting the brand Nike has bought various brands like Exter, Starter, Team Starter, Asphalt, Cole Haan shoes, Converse, Hurley skateboard gear, Bauer etc. Weakness Issues with Sweatshops This dead fish focus on leveraging low labor cost in South East Asian economies to deliver competitive products has often landed Nike in various sorts of troubles from human right groups and labor unions back home, most blaming the company for exploiting children and workers in inhumane conditions. Numbers of these groups blamed it for bringing in and supporting the sweatshop culture in these economies and the company once famous for innovative designs and creative products soon became poster child of anti-globalization worldwide. Noting this Phil Night in said in annual meeting – â€Å"The Nike product has become synonymous with slave wages, forced overtime, and arbitrary abuse†. Since then Nike has taken number of steps to cut this malaise in the system and develop respectable human and working standards for its third party vendors. Fall in the Sports shoes market due to changing trends Over the last few years there is continuous decline in sports shoes sale because of trend of non sports shoes with jeans. This has resulted in increasing discount and low realization. Nike has to sort out this aspect of their business along with the rest of sporting gear. Conclusion Over the years Nike has moved from manufacturing to purely a RD and marketing company. Today Nike headquarters only looks after the designing, market trends and marketing of the products while outsourcing all others. This may have resulted in cutting the cost but it has also increased the dangers like sweatshops and blemish to the brand equity of the company. Nike (2007) Nike official Website 2007. Retrieved on 20th March from www.nikebiz.com    How to cite Nike Internal Factors, Essay examples

Women Exploitation free essay sample

Women have always been seen but nothing more than objects since way back when. Especially with today’s media, women and their bodies are used and exposed to sell and promote products. Corporations today encourage women to exploit their bodies and sexuality because they know sex sells not only to males but it also does end up catching the attention of women. Women are grabbed by these images because of the women that are chosen for the ads. Everywhere you look whether on television, in magazines or on billboards all you will is very sexual and very thin models. Majority of corporations today only use models with these â€Å"perfect† unrealistic thin bodies, bodies that are considerably unattainable for the average woman because that’s what catches attention. Looking at the advertisement for breast cancer awareness you will see that the woman’s head is cut off objectifying her to just her body. We will write a custom essay sample on Women Exploitation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These images are affecting women by making them think they aren’t pretty enough, or they are too fat. The images contribute to a physiological issue and are helping the numbers in bulimia, anorexia and other eating disorders rise. Many models that are chosen for these advertisements are not considerably healthy, but they are considered to have what is the â€Å"perfect† thin body in that industry and that everyone should want. So many girls crash diet to become like what is to be considered perfect, not only do they inhabit these unhealthy habits but they are also risking their lives with serious health injuries or maybe even lead to death. When in reality it is the other way around, the models that are been chosen for these advertisement are usually unhealthy and corporations are practically promoting there unhealthy habits. An the article Eating Disorders in the â€Å"Women’s Voices, Feminist Views† book says â€Å"General eating-disordered behaviors include occasional binge eating and fasting, overly compulsive food habits such as eating only certain foods, not being able to eat in public, and general problems associated with compulsive dieting and/or compulsive over-exercising. †. Women that are pushing to be that skinny are not healthy, every once and while you will see advertisements promoting â€Å"regular or plus size† models but if you really look at it, what is to be considered today to be a plus ized model is realistically an average size person. According to Plus Model magazine today’s agency’s plus size models wear between a size 6 to a size 14 when over a decade ago it was between sizes 12 and 18. What corporations don’t realize that with the models they are choosing to promote their products are pushing women more then to just purchase the products, it pushes average regular women into thinking they need to be skinnier or they aren‘t pretty enough. For example, looking at the Chanel advertisement you will see how slim the model is. Her legs and arm are very small and she seems to have no curves. That is not very natural and also very unhealthy. In Learn to Love Your Body (Women’s Voices, Feminist View’s Pg. 242) the author is helping women learn to love themselves, which needs to be done in order to not get caught up in trying to attain an image that should rather be done in a healthy way instead of binge eating or fasting. The author states â€Å"It’s important that you feel good about who you are. And until you like yourself as is, trying to change your body shape will be a losing proposition. High self-esteem is important for a healthy, balanced lifestyle-and it’s a definite must if successful weight loss is one of your goals. † Women are constantly being compared to these unrealistic image’s companies are advertising instead of being told they are perfect the way they are, they are being pressured to be something they may not be. These companies are constantly putting pressure on the average women to look better, making them think they are never good enough. Not only are the models that are being published super thin, they are also usually ridiculously good looking or made up to look even better with professional help. Women are constantly striving to attain the â€Å"beauty† that is being published in these advertisements. Not only through dieting but also cosmetically. On a daily basis women see thousands of advertisements, billboards, commercials, movies, everywhere they look they are seeing these â€Å"perfect† models of what beauty is claimed to be and the advertisements are not promoting that everyone is beautiful. Advertisements should be more versatile with models, so women see that no matter how short you are, how much you weight, how long your hair is, or whatever it is that everyone has their own beauty. The corporations are objectifying women to being nothing more than something to look at. The majority of today’s advertisements are full of sexy racy images. Sexuality is a very powerful force in this industry. Companies know that sex does sell so they use women to that advantaged. Not only are women being objectified to how they look but now also to how sexual they are. Although sexiness is not harmful, once again women are only being seen as how they look and nothing more. They become very power-less and become almost like an â€Å"accessory† to the product being advertised. For example looking at the Budweiser ad the girl is naked and only her private parts are covered by bottle caps, her lips are parted she looks very flushed in red which is portraying sexual activity. She also as the actual product placed a long side her vagina. Flip through any magazine and you will see images with products being placed over, around or near the private parts of the women making the image portray sex and sex acts. Women are being condoned to only their body and looks thanks to media now a day. Women even become â€Å"accessories† to men in these images, they are power-less. They become like dolls and are there simply for their looks. Many sexual images with men tend to show men having all power over the woman. If you look at the Gucci advertisement you will see a man and women, the man is holding the woman by her face and is on top of her showing dominance over her and her lips are red and parted, as well as her eyes are very dark and sexy all being signs of sexual activity. The exploitation of women sexuality in this advertising industry is more than just selling products, it has many negative consequences. Every day, women are being defined by the shape and size of their bodies and their beauty, Thanks to television and magazines. At a very young age, girls are being told what beauty is claimed to be, they get judged daily and are compared to what advertisements tell them they should look like. In Resisting â€Å"Beauty† Ideals (Women Voice’s, Feminist Views pg. 243) explains how women are objectified to how they look. The author explains how it has become a competition, he/she say’s â€Å"What is important from a feminist perspective is that reproductions of femininity, it is important to understand the bigger picture and be aware of the ways â€Å"beauty† ideals work o limit and objectify women, encourages competitiveness, and ultimately to lower women’s self-worth. † Instead of being happy with one self, these advertisements are making women think less of themselves and think they need to look like this, smell like that, talk like that, dress like this in order to be beautiful. When in reality everyone is beautiful the way they are and these publishing companies sho uld promote real natural beauty then promote sexual and unhealthy habits. Women are more than just something to look at.

Business Law and Ethics. Is there an enforceable contract between Sama

Questions: 1. Is there an enforceable contract between Samantha and Julie? 2. Is promissory estoppel relevant to Samanthas dispute with Dave from Outrageous Costumes? Answers: 1. In the instant case, Samantha was a high school drama teacher. She was going to produce and present her own created drama play for the annual school drama named Smurfs in Space. She had to take care of different aspects such as catering, costumes etc. For the purpose of catering, she had approached Julie, a 16 year old student. She had a domestic set up for her business. Samantha had asked her to prepare sandwiches and cakes for 100 people to which she agreed. Herein, an offer had been made and acceptance was also conveyed (Khourya, 2009). Julie had put in certain conditions to her service. She had asked for a weeks notice before commencement of her preparations. She had decided to charge $ 5 per person, i.e. $ 500 for the entire service. Julie had also mentioned that she had a Facebook page wherein orders could be placed. Samantha had sent a text message to her telling her to start her preparations for the cakes and sandwiches. This covers up the aspect of consideration which is in monetary terms. However the possibility of this agreement of becoming a contract gets marred due to Julies age. Julie was 16 years old which made her a minor [1](Monahan, 2007). Any contract made with a minor becomes void at the inception. This aspect can be reviewed by the minor once he/she reaches an age of majority i.e. 18 years[2]. However in cases where a minor attains property and gets entangled to certain legal obligations like partnerships, minor is bound by such obligations unless avoided by the minor (Willmott, 2005). There is legislation in the state of Victoria which speaks of a minors obligation. According to section 49 of the Supreme Court Act [No. 6387 s. 70] certain contracts are considered void- Contracts where the minor has either borrowed or lent money[3]. Contracts where a transaction of goods take place where money is the consideration. Contracts involving accounts related matter. In the instant case, the second concept comes into consideration. Julie had entered into an agreement to deliver homemade food to Samantha for monetary value. The contract law of Australia prohibits such a contract. Hence it can be concluded that the contract between Samantha and Julie cannot be validated due to Julie being a minor. 2. Samantha had looked online for costumes and found Outrageous Costumes, an online based store. Dave was the proprietor of this establishment. She contacted Dave informing her requirement of three Smurf space suits with extra silver and blue material. Dave responded by saying that the extra requirements were costly and he would have to order them specially. She agreed to the proposition. At this junction, both offer and acceptance had been completed. A week later, Dave sent a message to Samantha saying that he had arranged for the materials and unless he got a notification from her, he was going start preparing for the costumes. Samantha received the message but chose to ignore it. She had got a much better offer from a parent from her school wherein her work was promised to be done for free. Two days prior to the drama day, she contacted Dave and cancelled her order. Dave was disappointed by this since he had almost completed the costumes and could not reuse them. By this act, the concept of promissory estoppel comes into play. It was true that no consideration was discussed (Latimer, 2015). However in the case of estoppels, mere promise is sufficient (Radan, 2009). When intent to enter into an agreement is shown, and breaking of the promise causes deprivation or damage to either party, estoppel comes into limelight[4]. The traditional concepts of contract creation can be ignored in cases of promissory estoppel (Lindsay, 2004). Some essentials of promissory estoppel can be discussed as below: There must be a relationship of contract. Even hints of contractual talks can be considered[5]. When one party makes a proposition to carry out a promise and the other party believes that the promise is going to be performed. The party who believes the promise must suffer to the promise made. He/she must have faced a loss. Breaking of promise is not prohibited but if that results in loss or is in detriment to the promisee, estoppel will ensue[6]. In such matters courts determines methods to relieve the sufferer from the ill effects of the contract breach. They usually dont force a party to complete ones promise until it is absolutely indispensable. In this instant case, Samantha is bound by the rule of promissory estoppel and she might be sued by Dave for equitable relief. Reference https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/vic/consol_act/sca1986183/s49.html Khoury, D. and Yamouni, Y. (2009). Understanding contract law. Chatswood, N.S.W.: LexisNexis Butterworths. Latimer, P. (2015). Australian business law 2015. CCH Australia. Lindsay, G. (2004). Contract. Pyrmont, N.S.W.: Lawbook Co. Monahan, G. and Carr-Gregg, S. (2007). Essential contract law. New York, NY: Routledge-Cavendish. Radan, P. and Gooley, J. (2009). Principles of Australian contract law. Chatswood, N.S.W.: LexisNexis Butterworths. Willmott, L., Christensen, S. and Butler, D. (2005). Contract law. South Melbourne, Victoria, Australia: Oxford University Press.

Performance Appraisal in Improving Employees Performance

Management Appraisal and Review of Employee Performance In every organisation, there is a need to review employee performance to encourage future growth of the organisation. Performance is defined as the degree of success in achievement of duties that are assigned to an individual. It states how well the employees are meeting their job requirements. Performance appraisal may act as an effective management intervention to improve employee performance in various ways.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Appraisal in Improving Employees’ Performance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of such ways is that performance appraisal is crucial in conducting reviews of employees’ presentation to know their capabilities and contribution in relation to the objectives of the organisation. With full recognition of one’s abilities, it becomes possible for an employee to capitalise on areas that he or she is well talented. However, it is important to note that performance appraisal does not include the evaluation of an employee’s personal characters, which may influence his or her productivity in terms of realisation of his or her duties and obligations. Performance appraisals act as crucial tools for managers to provide effective management. One of the effective approaches of management involves keeping workers in an organisation motivated in the effort to improve their performance. Indeed, effective management is a practice used by managers to help them deal with the problems and difficulties in their organisations. It can also be interpreted as an art of managing things in the correct and satisfactory way by involving employees when it comes to deciding how this goal can be achieved. Employees in most organisations patiently wait for appraisal times with much worry and terror. They feel that results from appraisals will determine if they will retain or lose their job . Although appraisals should be used to make decisions whether to fire or to keep the employee, the main aim of an appraisal should be directed towards helping the employee improve their performance since this endeavour will automatically translate to excellent organisational performance. Performance Appraisal and Employee Performance Performance appraisal is a critical analysis and a detailed discussion of the performance of an employee that is measured based on the outcome of the employees’ assigned duties and tasks. Performance appraisal is one of the effective strategies, which can be used by supervisors to help in improving workers’ performance.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is a methodology for providing assistance to others to realise their full capabilities besides helping them to succeed in achieving their goals. Performance appraisal boosts commu nication between employees and managers, which on the other hand promotes the input of the former in terms of participation and concentration. Effective communication in a performance appraisal process is vital in ensuring that areas where employees are deemed ineffective are successfully addressed. A supervisor’s main function is to assist employees in terms of offering support, direction, and giving results to help in correcting their performance weaknesses besides growing their current and new skills to ensure their responsibilities are made bigger. Performance appraisal succeeds when an employee is involved in the process of identifying the problems and/or coming up with ways, solutions, and plans to help in solving the identified problems. This strategy is incredible in improving the performance of employees. Using performance appraisal in determining employees’ input is essential in their preparation for extra tasks, addressing problems related to with performanc e, and deriving a plan to help in their development. It is also important when workers are not able to use information acquired from training or when they require assistance to improve their performance. Performance appraisal boosts staff morale, confidence, and productivity. In the context of employee performance, performance appraisal is important in employees’ goal setting processes. Performance appraisal is therefore a working strategy whose main agenda is to encourage employees to work positively towards achieving the goals and objectives of their respective organisations. This essay on Performance Appraisal in Improving Employees’ Performance was written and submitted by user Trystan Parsons to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

English Unit 3 Quiz 3 Flashcard

English Unit 3 Quiz 3

Exploratory Essay on Immigration

Exploratory Essay on Immigration Exploratory Essay on Immigration Immigration into the USA has recently become a contentious issue in the national debate. Democrats and Republicans have clashed with each other, and with the White House. Republicans have clashed with Republicans as well. Why is immigration such a problem to a country that was founded on immigrants, and has inscribed â€Å"Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free.† on their famous Statue of Liberty. There are several reasons that emerge in the debate. The historical source of immigrants and national identity is a main one. The original immigrants to the USA were in fact Anglo Saxon Protestants. As their national identity grew, they saw themselves as a Christian, Protestant, English speaking people and nation. As further waves of immigrants arrived, they were, if not Anglo Saxon, primarily western European, and Christian and mostly willing to learn English, and be absorbed into the American way. Even when the Irish, Italians and Polish made their way to the USA, although Catholic they were Europeans, who fit into the predominantly Anglo Saxon American identity. They were minorities, who learned English and accepted the status quo. Also, many of them brought needed skills to the country. This was a major factor of the sense of national identity, America was white, English and Protestant. The latent racial superiority overtones were only observed openly with regard to the African American slaves. However, as they were slaves and a small minority they were tolerated, if not welcomed. It is this that is driving some of the resistance to current immigration. The source of the new wave of immigrants is not European, or Anglo Saxon. Rather the main groups of immigrants are Latin Americans coming from South America, and the Caribbean island. They are predominantly Spanish speaking, unskilled, and Catholic, and arriving in great numbers. This threatens the national identity in various ways. The threat they pose to the original immigrants is first in the sheer magnitude of their numbers. In California, Texas, and Florida for example. This threatens to change the whole culture of these and other states. Instead of being absorbed into the American culture, learning English and providing skills, they are demanding education in Spanish for their children, and the majority has poor education, no English, few skills and no resources. Known as Hispanics there are about 50 million in the USA. Only Mexico has more. In the period 2010- 11 their numbers in the USA rose by 2.8 million. It is projected in 50 years time the Hispanics will constitute a third of the population of the USA. (U.S. Census Burea). It is this that has the Republicans concerned. With such numbers preferring to speak Spanish, be educated in Spanish, and keep their Catholic religion their immigration is seen as colonization. Their lack of skill and resources as a drain on social security, medical and educational resources. The massive amount of illegal immigrants already in the country is another problem. About 11 million are currently living in the USA illegally. To Republicans they are lawbreakers, criminals who need to be deported, not supported. Others say reality dictates they must be given legal status because it is impossible to arrest and deport them. Plus many have children that were born in the USA, are in schools, and see themselves as Americans. It is because of such complexities that immigration is such a contentious subject in the USA today. There seems to be no easy solution to the question of immigration into the USA, whether legal or illegal. Tips on writing: Exploratory essays ask questions to gather and share information on the topic about immigration. It is not necessary to find answers. Introductions for exploratory essays are broad, as you are making an inquiry into a topic, not proving a thesis. Present the topic and the questions you will ask. State your research question clearly state what you want to discover, and why. Identify the issue, its causes and other factors of immigration. Identify decision makers and other interested parties. You do not have to supply solutions as the paper is for the purpose of identifying the problem. If it happens that you need custom exploratory essays on immigration contact our professional writing company.

Chronological List of African Independence

Chronological List of African Independence Most nations in Africa were colonized by European states in the early modern era, including a burst of colonization in the Scramble for Africa from 1880 to 1900. But this condition was reversed over the course of the next century by independence movements. Here are the dates of independence for African nations. Country Independence Date Prior ruling country Liberia, Republic of July 26, 1847 - South Africa, Republic of May 31, 1910 Britain Egypt, Arab Republic of Feb. 28, 1922 Britain Ethiopia, People's Democratic Republic of May 5, 1941 Italy Libya (Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya) Dec. 24, 1951 Britain Sudan, Democratic Republic of Jan. 1, 1956 Britain/Egypt Morocco, Kingdom of March 2, 1956 France Tunisia, Republic of March 20, 1956 France Morocco (Spanish Northern Zone, Marruecos) April 7, 1956 Spain Morocco (International Zone, Tangiers) Oct. 29, 1956 - Ghana, Republic of March 6, 1957 Britain Morocco (Spanish Southern Zone, Marruecos) April 27, 1958 Spain Guinea, Republic of Oct. 2, 1958 France Cameroon, Republic of Jan. 1 1960 France Senegal, Republic of April 4, 1960 France Togo, Republic of April 27, 1960 France Mali, Republic of Sept. 22, 1960 France Madagascar, Democratic Republic of June 26, 1960 France Congo (Kinshasa), Democratic Republic of the June 30, 1960 Belgium Somalia, Democratic Republic of July 1, 1960 Britain Benin, Republic of Aug. 1, 1960 France Niger, Republic of Aug. 3, 1960 France Burkina Faso, Popular Democratic Republic of Aug. 5, 1960 France Cà ´te d'Ivoire, Republic of (Ivory Coast) Aug. 7, 1960 France Chad, Republic of Aug. 11, 1960 France Central African Republic Aug. 13, 1960 France Congo (Brazzaville), Republic of the Aug. 15, 1960 France Gabon, Republic of Aug. 16, 1960 France Nigeria, Federal Republic of Oct. 1, 1960 Britain Mauritania, Islamic Republic of Nov. 28, 1960 France Sierra Leone, Republic of Apr. 27, 1961 Britain Nigeria (British Cameroon North) June 1, 1961 Britain Cameroon(British Cameroon South) Oct. 1, 1961 Britain Tanzania, United Republic of Dec. 9, 1961 Britain Burundi, Republic of July 1, 1962 Belgium Rwanda, Republic of July 1, 1962 Belgium Algeria, Democratic and Popular Republic of July 3, 1962 France Uganda, Republic of Oct. 9, 1962 Britain Kenya, Republic of Dec. 12, 1963 Britain Malawi, Republic of July 6, 1964 Britain Zambia, Republic of Oct. 24, 1964 Britain Gambia, Republic of The Feb. 18, 1965 Britain Botswana, Republic of Sept. 30, 1966 Britain Lesotho, Kingdom of Oct. 4, 1966 Britain Mauritius, State of March 12, 1968 Britain Swaziland, Kingdom of Sept. 6, 1968 Britain Equatorial Guinea, Republic of Oct. 12, 1968 Spain Morocco (Ifni) June 30, 1969 Spain Guinea-Bissau, Republic of Sept. 24, 1973(alt. Sept. 10, 1974) Portugal Mozambique, Republic of June 25. 1975 Portugal Cape Verde, Republic of July 5, 1975 Portugal Comoros, Federal Islamic Republic of the July 6, 1975 France So Tomà © and Principe, Democratic Republic of July 12, 1975 Portugal Angola, People's Republic of Nov. 11, 1975 Portugal Western Sahara Feb. 28, 1976 Spain Seychelles, Republic of June 29, 1976 Britain Djibouti, Republic of June 27, 1977 France Zimbabwe, Republic of April 18, 1980 Britain Namibia, Republic of March 21, 1990 South Africa Eritrea, State of May 24, 1993 Ethiopia Notes: Ethiopia  is usually considered to have never been colonized, but following the invasion by Italy in 1935-36 Italian settlers arrived. Emperor Haile Selassie was deposed and went into exile in the UK. He regained his throne on 5 May 1941 when he re-entered Addis Ababa with his troops. Italian resistance was not completely overcome until 27th November 1941.Guinea-Bissau  made a Unilateral Declaration of Independence on Sept. 24, 1973, now considered as Independence Day. However, independence was only recognized by Portugal on 10 September 1974 as a result of the Algiers Accord of Aug. 26, 1974.Western Sahara  was immediately seized by Morocco, a move contested by Polisario (Popular Front for the Liberation of the Saguia el Hamra and Rio del Oro).

How to Calculate Mass Percent Composition of a Compound

How to Calculate Mass Percent Composition of a Compound Mass percent composition of a molecule shows the amount each element in a molecule contributes to the total molecular mass. Each elements contribution is expressed as a percentage of the whole. This step by step tutorial will show the method to determine the mass percent composition of a molecule. An ExampleWith Potassium Ferricyanide Calculate the mass percent composition of each element in a potassium ferricyanide, K3Fe(CN)6 molecule. The Solution Step 1: Find the atomic mass of each element in the molecule. The first step to finding mass percent is to find the atomic mass of each element in the molecule.K3Fe(CN)6 is made up of potassium (K), iron (Fe), carbon (C) and nitrogen (N).Using the periodic table:Atomic mass of K: 39.10 g/molAtomic mass of Fe: 55.85 g/molAtomic mass of C: 12.01 g/molAtomic mass of N: 14.01 g/mol​​ Step 2: Find the mass combination of each element. The second step is to determine the total mass combination of each element. Each molecule of KFe(CN)6 contains 3 K, 1 Fe, 6 C and 6 N atoms. Multiply these numbers by the atomic mass to get each elements mass contribution.Mass contribution of K 3 x 39.10 117.30 g/molMass contribution of Fe 1 x 55.85 55.85 g/molMass contribution of C 6 x 12.01 72.06 g/molMass contribution of N 6 x 14.01 84.06 g/mol​ Step 3: Find the total molecular mass of the molecule. The molecular mass is the sum of the mass contributions of each element. Simply add each mass contribution together to find the total.Molecular mass of K3Fe(CN)6 117.30 g/mol 55.85 g/mol 72.06 g/mol 84.06 g/molMolecular mass of K3Fe(CN)6 329.27 g/mol​ Step 4: Find the mass percent composition of each element. To find the mass percent composition of an element, divide the mass contribution of the element by the total molecular mass. This number must then be multiplied by 100% to be expressed as a percent.Mass percent composition of K mass contribution of K/molecular mass of K3Fe(CN)6 x 100%Mass percent composition of K 117.30 g/mol/329.27 g/mol x 100%Mass percent composition of K 0.3562 x 100%Mass percent composition of K 35.62%Mass percent composition of Fe mass contribution of Fe/molecular mass of K3Fe(CN)6 x 100%Mass percent composition of Fe 55.85 g/mol/329.27 g/mol x 100%Mass percent composition of Fe 0.1696 x 100%Mass percent composition of Fe 16.96%Mass percent composition of C mass contribution of C/molecular mass of K3Fe(CN)6 x 100%Mass percent composition of C 72.06 g/mol/329.27 g/mol x 100%Mass percent composition of C 0.2188 x 100%Mass percent composition of C 21.88%Mass percent composition of N mass contribution of N/molecular mass of K3Fe(CN)6 x 100%Mass percent composition of N 84.06 g/mol/329.27 g/mol x 100%Mass percent composition of N 0.2553 x 100%Mass percent composition of N 25.53%​ The Answer K3Fe(CN)6 is 35.62% potassium, 16.96% iron, 21.88% carbon and 25.53% nitrogen.It is always a good idea to check your work. If you add up all the mass percent compositions, you should get 100%.35.62% 16.96% 21.88% 25.53% 99.99%Where is the other .01%? This example illustrates the effects of significant figures and rounding errors. This example used two significant figures past the decimal point. This allows for an error on the order of  ±0.01. This examples answer is within these tolerances.

Business Class Questions Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Class Questions - Coursework Example The growing interest in business research can be attributed the increasing need to understand employees, customer behavior, stakeholders, and business environment for effective decision making. Business research has been advanced through the current advancement in technology which has made possible for organizations to keep track of important information in their day-to-day operation. Such technologies entails the business intelligence system which facilitates continuous collection of information on the various factors affecting business such as economic, market, political, technology, cultural and social trends(Cooper, Cooper & Schindler, 2010). Decision makers combine information collected through such systems with data obtained through the contemporary business research to enhance the credibility and reliability of the research findings. The definition of research should be questioned on the basis that the definition, can be identified as being in its informative stage. 2. What is the difference between applied research and basic or pure research? The major difference between applied research and pure research revolve around the objectives or aims of the research process. Pure research entail the gathering of new information or data to expand the existing knowledge about a given phenomenon or issues where the ultimate goal is build on what is already known (Cooper, Cooper & Schindler, 2010). On the other hand, applied research revolves around collecting of information geared towards providing amicable solutions to a certain problems or opportunities. Pure research only seeks to answer question or provide knowledge that does directly affect organizational decision making or actions taken in the business operations. In the context of deciding how a salesperson should be paid, either by commission or salary, the question that would be applied to guide an applied research would involve an inquiry on what payment method would be appropriate to pay the salesperson with consideration of benefits associated with each method on both parties. For example, which of the two methods payment; commission or salary would be more appropriate for paying a salesperson? On the other hand the question to guide a pure research on the same issue would entail exploration of the two methods of payment without necessarily seeking to establish a direct response. For example the question can be framed as follows; what are the benefits for using either commission or salary to pay a sales person? 5. What are the dilemmas a sales force manager faces in selecting a custom motivation program or a purchase base program offered by a consulting firm? Selection of either of two programs presents several dilemmas as to which of the two programs would translate to maximum performance and the risks that may be involved in adopting either of the two. The sales force manager faces the dilemma of whether of he/ she has the necessary skills to support implementation of either th e custom motivation program or the purchase based program. The other dilemma that the manager faces revolves around whether the external program can be supported by the firm’s budget. The manager must try to establish if the external prog

Advertisemnt of junk food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Advertisemnt of junk food - Essay Example The advertisement of junk food has been on the increase in the many parts of the world. The advertisers use both the traditional forms and modern ways of advertisement. The traditional ways of advertisement comprise of television, radio, newspapers.The sophisticated ways of advertisement uses the internet and you tube. The promotion of the junk food through the media spells doom to the health living of an individual and the nation as a whole. Health is a major apprehension among different stakeholders in the world (Moton and Dumler, 2009). Many studies in United States indicate that American people, both the infants and the youth consume poor diets that pose a problem to their health. This therefore implies that the children and adolescents are at a precarious situation to contract health complications that come with poor diet. This is because the youth and the children ape any behavior that they perceive in the advertisement media. Promotion of good eating habits through the tools o f advertisement can greatly help to curb the imminent danger to health. Conversely, promotion of junk foods through advertisement will spell doom to the health of the American people (Insel et al, 2010). Advertising corporations in United States can help youth to reach a well-informed choice on whether to eat or not take junk foods. This can only happen when the corporations decide to advertise directly to the adolescents. Celebrities attract youth and they easily follow their mannerisms. To them it does not matter whether what they are advertising has potential dangers or not. Most advertisement in United States employs the models and the celebrities to publicize junk foods. This makes me believe that American advertisement corporation has negative impacts towards influencing decisions that youth make (Moton and Dumler, 2009). There is a significant change to the habits of consumption of foods in United States over period. Reliable sources indicate that most American youths and chi ldren take food away from their homes. This means that the children and adolescents do not get natural foods. They feed on the junk foods that contain a lot of fatty acids and added sugars. The intake of the high-fat foods poses a health danger to the children and youth. This contributes to the escalating number of overweight and obesity among the American youths and children. The data of these conditions has increased compared to the previous years. The overweight and obese children are at the danger of contracting the heart diseases. The commonest heart ailments include the hypertension and stroke. Other complications include diabetes 2. At severe cases, these disorders can lead to death (Insel et al, 2010). In addition, it puts a lot constrains to the economy of United States. This is because the government has to care for the cost of cardiac and diabetic patients. In the end, the disorders affect the productivity of the affected citizens. These Americans contribute little to the development of their economy. The appearance of skinny and slim people in the advertisement has negative impacts on the perception of youth. The youth and children perceive them as the epitomes worthy emulation. These youngsters tend to forgo food in order get the slender body. This makes the youth to experience starvation, which is detrimental to their healthy. Majority of women ands girls after viewing the thin models and actors tend to think that is the right body, which they should possess. This means that women and young girls will tend to dislike their bodies (Moton and Dumler, 2009). To resemble the models, the women will reduce the portions of their foods. This subjects the body into a very wanting situation because of lack of essential nutrients. This therefore calls for the advertising corporation to use a variety of women of varied sizes. It is a way to achieve neutrality in the advertisements of products. The advertisement of edible products influences the youth to deve lop interest to

The case against hurting others Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The case against hurting others - Essay Example The focus is on the concept of â€Å"How would you like it if someone did that to you?† (Nagel, 1987. p. 64). The point emphasized by Nagel here is that a person should endeavor to step into the shoes of the other individual. Then the perspective of reality would become evident, and perhaps, the action could be avoided. He further argues that people fail to appreciate the viewpoint of the other person because their own orientation about the facts is not only specific, due to being a different person altogether . Kant on the other hand, almost refers to the doing of these acts as an act of duty, wherein a person would be internally compelled to undergo a task. He feels that it is important to take heed of situation as a consequence of one’s internal drive, instead somebody from the outer world forcing an action.  Nagel also tends to believes that the concept of majority is a more generalized concept, and cannot be left at the whims of individuals. Universal good, thoug h is not clearly defined, yet it exists as unison. It is only for a person to explore the same in appropriate conditions and circumstances, whereby the true inner persona of the individual will come out. In the context of hurting others, this is a very important stance, the fact remains, that of there is a concept of universal good, then a person should not harm others in the first instance. Therefore, he should make that realization earlier in, and should begin to establish the norms that would help him world.... Nagel also tends to believes that the concept of majority is a more generalized concept, and cannot be left at the whims of individuals. Universal good, though is not clearly defined, yet it exists as unison. It is only for a person to explore the same in appropriate conditions and circumstances, whereby the true inner persona of the individual will come out. In the context of hurting others, this is a very important stance, the fact remains, that of there is a concept of universal good, then a person should not harm others in the first instance. Therefore, he should make that realization earlier in, and should begin to establish the norms that would help him live appropriately in the world. The reality is that the integrity of the will is imperishable. In the perspective, the meaning can be inferred in the same line. The will alone can have no integrity - it has to be linked with man himself, as per Kant. Therefore, again extrapolating the fact that the mind is sure to dominate the proceedings of life, despite what course of actions are to be taken, the case against hurting people becomes clear. The soul as an entity can never destroy, as it is the true emblem of existence for man - his distinguishing factor. These factors give an intrinsic line of reasoning for the person who is about to or intends to harm somebody. When the established pattern of thought is already present, then the person will automatically restrain himself from doing the superfluous. The concept of uniformity of behavior and thought has always triggered the minds of people who want to dwell into the science of what humans may do in a particular scenario. However, it is interesting that

International Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Relations - Essay Example He was known to be an Athenian; his generation came immediately after that of the Socrates. Although he was not the conversation leader, his dialogue features the Socrates. Plato has the political doctrine attributed to him, it was mainly obtained from the statesman, the laws and even from the republic Taylor, (121-122). He focused mainly on the following; that living a good life is considered to be our actions final end, which is individuals pursuing happiness in life. Plato also highlights that an individual having a good life depend on utilizing personal skills and abilities and that of other different external goods. He further adds that all these require individuals to have virtues. Virtues on the other hand forces individuals to have the knowledge of the good. Plato concludes that the search of happiness required an individual to possess the knowledge of good. Thus through his various contributions Plato is perceived to play a key role in the establishment of the ancient d the medieval political theory. In bringing about the philosophy, polis also resulted in what Aristotle referred to as being two lives. This included the life of politics and that of philosophy. There were several issues that needed clarification and it included; whether philosophers could conduct themselves politically, whether they could be involved in the normal politics in the current regimes or come up with their own, and also if they were suppose remain purely philosophical without getting involved in politics. Considering the above questions, the philosophical life of Socrates was considered as having been involved in politics before experiencing death philosophically. However for both Plato and Aristotle they perceived politics as being less divined and considered it to be less attractive as compared to studying the world truth which to them was extensive. Even though philosophy may handle issues on politics its major task is more as compared to that of politics. It is important to understand that those who established the earlier political philosophy were focused in differentiating and making philosophy independent from the ordinary actions of politics. This does not necessarily imply that they did not possess ordinary intentions of politics, but rather to clearly state that the establishment of political philosophy was meant to problematized the ordinary political life value. Considering the conception of the modern state it greatly varies with the polis philosophy. There is no clear difference between the state and the political life. It is even difficult to determine which one is above the other, which in reality the state should be superior. According to Plato a political community which is just is structured in a manner where every citizen gets an appropriate opportunity to make contribution for the sake of the communities to benefit. Hence, individuals should have virtues which include social virtues, and an individual can attain this through the the oretical teaching and through education provided. The knowledge of the good according to Plato has different ways; it includes the different modes where an individual’s character is trained and the theoretical knowledge obtained. This consists of a particular type of knowledge considered to be of second-order which mostly concerns the appropriate logical patterns and the given criteria used particularly in the epistemic quality of beliefs evaluation. True reality is not always obvious to majority of us mainly because of how we conduct our

Labor Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Labor Standards - Essay Example However, overtime compensation may be offered based on the agreement. On the other hand, Nonexempt can be described as an arrangement where employees are entitled to overtime compensation and minimum wage as outlined in the Fair Labor Standard Act. An executive exception can be said to be the benefits that accrue to individuals based on their positions in an organization. Subsequently, administrative exemption refers to favors that people enjoy for holding administrative posts in an organization such as the supervisors. Profession exemptions are exclusions that individuals get due to some expertise power. The WTPA became effective in 2011 and was mainly constituted to ensure that wages for workers are safe. The WTPA obliges employers to provide new workers with a written notice of wage rates and the formal payment dates. The US government realized that most employers were not ethical in disbursing wages to workers. In essence, several cases arose regarding wage theft and, therefore, there was a need to formulate a legislation that provide a solution to such issues. The law is of great interest to my company in that it provides an oversight of the legal repercussions that might happen once wage theft is reported to the relevant

American Films and Backhoe Operators Essay Example for Free

American Films and Backhoe Operators Essay Analysis Jim worked as a laborer for a gas utility in Winnipeg, Manitoba. When the opportunity came to apply for a backhoe/front-end-loader operator job, he was excited. Three people applied. To select the one who would get the job, the company asked each of them to go out and actually work on the backhoe for a day. Jim felt his chance for the job disappear because he had never even driven a tractor, let alone used a backhoe. When he went out, he did not know how to start the tractor. One of the other backhoe operators had to show him. He managed through the day, and to his surprise, did better than the others. He was given the job. On his first day at the new job, one of the other backhoe operators showed him where to check the hydraulic fluid and said, â€Å"These old Masseys are foolproof. You will be okay. † Jim taught himself how to dig a hole by trial and error. He initially believed that the best way was to fill the bucket as much as possible before lifting it out of the hole and emptying it. He would wiggle the bucket back and forth until it was submerged and then curl it. When it came out of the hole, the earth would be falling off the sides. This job was not so difficult after all, he thought. He cut through his first water line about two weeks after starting his new job. Going into a deep, muddy hole did not make the crew happy. After Jim cut through his third water line, the crew chief pulled him aside and said, â€Å"You are taking too much earth out with each bucket, so you don’t feel the bucket hitting the water line; ease up a bit. Water lines were usually six to eight feet down, so Jim would dig until about four feet and then try to be more careful. It was then that he pulled up some telephone lines that were only about three feet deep. Realizing that more was involved in operating a backhoe than he first had thought, he sought out Bill Granger, who was known to have broken a water line only twice in his 15 years. It was said that he was so good that he could dig underneath the gas lines—a claim that Jim doubted. Bill said, â€Å"You need to be able to feel any restriction. The way to do that is to have more than one of your levers open at the same time. Operating the bucket lever and the boom lever at the same time reduces the power and causes the machine to stop rather than cut through a line of any type. † Jim began to use this method but still broke water lines. The difference now was that he knew immediately when he broke a line. He could feel the extra pull, whereas in the past, he found out either by seeing water gushing up or by hearing the crew chief swearing at him. He was getting better. Jim never did become as good as Bill Granger. In fact, two years later, he applied for another job as gas repairperson and was promoted, but the training as a gas repairperson was not much better. Case Questions 1. What are the potential costs to this lack of training? Why do you think the company operated in this manner? 2. What type of training would you recommend: OJT, classroom, or a combination? Describe what the training might entail. 3. What type of training environment would you provide? 4. Who would you get to do the training, and why? 5. Would you consider purchasing a training program for backhoe operators? Provide your rationale.

Public Health Awareness Of HIV Health And Social Care Essay

Public Health Awareness Of HIV Health And Social Care Essay Although human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has killed more than half a million people in the United States, a comprehensive public health approach that has stopped other epidemics has not been used to address this one. When HIV infection first emerged among stigmatized populations (homosexual men, injection-drug users, and immigrants from developing countries), the discriminatory responses ranged from descriptions of AIDS as retribution to violence and proposals for quarantine, universal mandatory testing, and even tattooing of infected persons. This response led to HIV exceptionalism, an approach that advocated both for special resources and increased funding and against the application of standard methods of disease control.1 The need for extra resources remains essential, but the failure to apply standard disease-control methods undermines societys ability and responsibility to control the epidemic.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now, given the availability of drugs that can effectively treat HIV infection and progress on antidiscrimination initiatives, perhaps society is ready to adopt traditional disease-control principles and proven interventions that can identify infected persons, interrupt transmission, ensure treatment and case management, and monitor infection and control efforts throughout the population (Table 1). Doing so will have political and economic costs. The political costs include offending both sides of the political establishment: conservatives who oppose the implementation of effective prevention programs, including syringe exchange and the widespread availability of condoms, and some HIV activists who oppose expansion of testing, notification of the partners of infected persons (also known as partner counseling and referral services), and what some see as inappropriate medicalization of the response to the epidemic. The economic costs, particularly to improve population-w ide case management and notification of partners, would be substantial. But the human and economic costs of failing to adopt a comprehensive public health approach are much higher.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Table 1. Comparison of Public Health Approach to HIV Infection and Other Infectious Diseases.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We have identified and elucidated the biology of the virus, established and improved diagnostic tests, and created effective drugs and care systems that have reduced the number of deaths from AIDS in the United States by 70 percent since 1995.2 However, 25 years into the epidemic, progress is stalled. The number of deaths among people with AIDS has not declined since 1998, and the number of newly diagnosed cases is rising slightly.2 Disease transmission continues at the same or, possibly, a slightly higher rate.3 High-risk behavior remains common and is increasing in some groups. Late diagnosis of infection is common.3 Notification of the partners of infected persons is rare.4 Black and Latino patients are less likely than white patients to receive optimal care.5 Few patients in care receive counseling about preventing transmission of the virus.6 All these trends are apparent in New York City, which is home to one in six of all U.S. patients with AIDS.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Case Finding and Surveillance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When HIV testing became available 20 years ago in the absence of treatment and in the context of discrimination, the use of prescriptive regulations mandating counseling and separate written consent, based largely on the genetic-counseling model of testing for untreatable conditions, was reasonable. Today, the existence of these regulations and the separation of counseling and testing from routine medical care result in missed opportunities to diagnose, treat, and stop the spread of HIV infection. Nearly half of black men tested in public venues where men who have sex with men congregate (e.g., bars, bathhouses, and parks) in 2004 and 2005 were HIV-positive, and two thirds of those who were positive were unaware of their status.7 Our outdated approach to HIV screening means that we not only fail to identify infected patients promptly and thus allow the epidemic to continue to spread, but we may also perpetuate HIV-related stigma by targeting screening only to those pe rceived to be at risk. Routine, voluntary HIV testing in health care settings, although advocated by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for more than a decade,8 widely recommended,9 and cost-effective,10 has not occurred. In New York City in 2002, only one third of adults who had had three or more sex partners in the preceding year and only half of men who had sex with men who had had three or more partners had been tested for HIV in the previous 18 months.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Early diagnosis is essential both to link patients to effective care and to prevent the spread of infection. The CDC estimates that more than half of new HIV infections are spread by HIV-positive people who are unaware they are infected.11 In nearly 40 percent of persons who received a diagnosis of HIV infection, AIDS either was concurrently diagnosed or developed within a year.3 They had been infected with HIV for about a decade; health care and other institutions missed many opportunities to diagnose their infection. As a result of delayed diagnosis, such patients are sicker when they begin to receive care and will thus die sooner than those whose infection is diagnosed promptly. Many unwittingly spread HIV to their spouses, partners, and others. Once they know their diagnosis, people infected with HIV reduce their practice of high-risk sex by about half,12 and the risk of heterosexual transmission, at least, is further reduced by treatment that decreases the viral load to below 1500 copies of HIV type 1 RNA per milliliter.13 Voluntary HIV screening and linkage to care should become a normal part of medical practice, similar to screening for other treatable conditions, such as high cholesterol levels, hypertension, diabetes, and breast cancer. Screening and linkage to care are especially important in communities with a high prevalence of HIV infection.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The partners of more than two thirds of people with newly diagnosed HIV infection do not receive organized partner notification, and when contact is attempted, the rate of success varies greatly.4 The notification of partners by public health counselors is more effective than notification by individual patients,14 but this approach is rare in most areas. As a result, most partners are not notified of their exposure or offered testing, contributing to late diagnosis and continued spread of HIV. Of 4312 persons with newly diagnosed HIV infection in New York City in 2003, information on these persons partners was available for less than a fifth and testing results were confirmed for fewer than 200 partners. In addition, the policy of offering partner notification only at the time of diagnosis ignores the continuing high-risk sexual behavior of many HIV-positive persons. Systematic notification of partners by public health personnel and the use of newer antibody or nuclei c acid-amplification tests in addition to traditional methods could identify social networks and acute or early HIV infections and could potentially stop clusters of transmission.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Interrupting Transmission   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The application of the public health principles of near-universal screening and treatment has all but eliminated transfusion-related and perinatal transmission of HIV.3 Among injection-drug users, syringe-exchange programs and widespread voluntary screening for the virus reduced the rate of transmission by 50 to 80 percent.15 Further progress in preventing HIV infection is possible interventions to change behavior work16,17,18,19 but reducing sexual transmission is challenging. Evidence-based ways to reduce high-risk behavior include promoting the use of condoms and making free condoms widely available,16,19 including in schools20; making clean needles readily available to people who inject illicit drugs21; and community interventions.19   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Condoms, which can substantially reduce transmission,16,22 are not widely available nor is their use strongly promoted, and they are still used infrequently in high-risk sexual encounters.23 Most injection-drug users in the United States continue to use nonsterile needles.24 Until recently in New York City, condom-distribution programs were limited, even in high-risk settings, and several neighborhoods in need of syringe-exchange services were not served by these programs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Systematic Treatment and Case Management   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Standard public health approaches that have either not been applied or been applied inconsistently to HIV prevention and control efforts include public health monitoring to ensure that all HIV-infected patients receive quality care, providing public health support through referrals and outreach for patients who are not receiving effective treatment, monitoring of CD4 cell counts and viral loads to identify patients who may be candidates for treatment or who are lost to care, and assisting clinicians with outreach and partner notification. Although HIV infection remains incurable, AIDS is now a chronic disease for those fortunate enough to receive effective treatment. The use of effective treatment that incorporates risk-reduction counseling,25 including distribution of condoms, promotion of the use of condoms and clean needles, and treatment for substance abuse and mental health conditions, would improve individual treatment outcomes and reduce disease transmission, b ut it is uncommon.6   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Case management is prominent in the HIV service delivery system, yet few if any jurisdictions ensure that every patient is offered effective treatment and prevention services. Public health interventions to monitor and improve HIV case management can be effective26 but are rare.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Population-Based Monitoring and Evaluation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It took nearly two decades to make HIV reportable throughout the United States, and named reporting is still not universal. Although information on CD4 cell counts and viral loads is collected in most jurisdictions, monitoring these data to determine patients progress is rare. Surveillance for drug-resistant strains of virus in patients who have never been treated is generally not conducted. Information on viral loads, CD4 cell counts, and drug resistance recently became reportable in New York State, thus making it possible to identify patients who are not receiving effective care, monitor trends in drug resistance, potentially identify clusters of disease, and potentially provide physicians and their patients who are not receiving care with more intensive services. Publicly funded case management, treatment, and service systems are not effectively coordinated to ensure a continuum of care. Effective population-based monitoring and evaluation would track not only the incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV infection, but also indicators of the interruption of transmission, such as the use of voluntary testing, proportion of partners notified, linkage to care of those who test positive, and success at reducing viral load when treatment is clinically indicated.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The spread of HIV could be reduced substantially if newly infected people promptly learned of their status, reduced high-risk behaviors, and when clinically indicated, began and continued treatment that suppresses viral replication. But few if any jurisdictions even attempt to monitor whether all HIV-infected people receive effective treatment, let alone intervene to provide additional support when patients do not start, discontinue, or do not respond well to treatment. New York City, which has one of the nations strongest case-management infrastructures, has no systematic citywide information available on whether patients have begun, are continuing, or have a virologic response to treatment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conclusions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Proven interventions, such as the use of condoms, clean needles, and expanded voluntary screening, and linkage to care, could prevent most HIV infections.27 Improving community-based efforts and counseling of individual patients to prevent transmission, supporting patients to facilitate their return to care, and improving the availability of effective treatment could further reduce transmission. But 25 years into the epidemic, we do not consistently apply these proven strategies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cost-effective programs include mass-media education campaigns, efforts to make condoms widely available, and interventions to change high-risk behavior in groups with a high prevalence of HIV infection.19 Routine, voluntary screening for HIV is indicated on the basis of clinical efficacy and cost-effectiveness,10 and the cost is moderate, as compared with that of many other health interventions. Notification of an infected persons partners after counseling and testing prevents infections and probably saves money.28   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Using the current CDC estimate of 40,000 new HIV infections per year, the potential to prevent half to two thirds of these infections, and the current average lifetime cost of care for a patient with HIV infection of $200,000,29 more effective epidemic control would save between $4 billion and $5.4 billion per year. Widespread availability of condoms, syringe-exchange programs, public health notification of the partners of infected persons, and improvement of case management and monitoring systems would be unlikely to cost more than an additional $1 billion to $2 billion per year nationally two to three times the current CDC funding for HIV prevention.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Controlling epidemics is a fundamental responsibility of the government, working in concert with physicians, patients, and communities. There is a delicate balance between protecting the public and the individual right to privacy. Until we implement prevention programs with proven efficacy more widely, make voluntary screening and linkage to care a normal part of medical care and expand screening in community settings, and improve treatment, risk reduction, monitoring, and partner notification, we will continue to miss opportunities to reduce the spread of HIV infection.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Some religious and political groups oppose the use of effective prevention measures. Some advocacy groups oppose expansion of screening and funding of government programs for prevention and control of HIV infection. Some doctors, health care facilities, and organizations will oppose increased monitoring of treatment efficacy; moreover, this cannot be accomplished without additional resources. There are few models for this approach, although Malawi has begun to apply public health principles to testing, treatment, and monitoring.30 Although stigma and discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation continue, advocacy has resulted in substantial progress, including antidiscrimination statutes in many states and increasing numbers of jurisdictions that recognize the rights of domestic partners. The world has changed in the past 25 years, and approaches to HIV prevention must also change. If we fully apply public health principles to the HIV epidemic, we can improve the health of people living with HIV infection and prevent tens of thousands of people in this country from becoming infected with HIV in the next decade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We are indebted to Drew Blakeman for assistance in the preparation of the manuscript and to Colin McCord and Mark Barnes for helpful comments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Source Information   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York.